Key Terms
Chapter 11: Informative Speech
| Information Relevance | giving the audience a reason to listen by relating the topic to the needs and interests of the audience members |
| Planned Repetition | deliberate restating of a thought in order to increase the likelihood that the audience will understand and remember it |
| Advance Organizers | similar to signposts in that they signal what is coming; they also warn that the information coming is significant |
| Concrete Words | symbols for specific things that can be pointed to or experienced through the senses |
| Abstract Words | symbols for ideas, qualities, or relationships, such as democracy, evil, and love; meanings depend on the experiences and intentions of the persons using them |
| Descriptors | words used to describe something |
| Contrast Definition | explanations used to show or emphasize differences |
| Synonym | a word, phrase, or concept that has exactly the same or nearly the same meaning as another word, phrase, or concept |
| Antonym | word, phrase, or concept that has the opposite meaning of another word, phrase, or concept |
| Etymology | form of definition that traces the origin and development of a word |
Chapter 12: Persuasive Speech
| Adoption | action that listeners demonstrate their acceptance of an attitude, belief, or value suggested by the speaker |
| Discontinuance | action that listeners stop doing something |
| Deterrence | action that listeners demonstrate their acceptance of an attitude, belief, or value by avoiding certain behavior |
| Continuance | action that listeners demonstrate their acceptance of an attitude, belief, or value by continuing to perform a certain behavior |
| Question of Fact | question that asks what is true and what is false |
| Question of Value | question that asks whether something is good or bad, desirable or undesirable |
| Question of Policy | question that goes beyond seeking judgmental responses to seeking courses of action |
| Credibility | believability based on the audience's evaluation of you as a speaker |
| Trustworthiness | audience's perception of the speaker's reliability and dependability |
| Charisma | Appeal |
| Logical Appeal | attempt to move people to action through the use of evidence and proof |
| Deductive Reasoning | sequence of thought that moves from general information to a specific conclusion (generalization) |
| Causal Reasoning | sequence of thought that links causes with effects |
| Emotional Appeal | attempt to move people to action by playing on their feelings |
| Fallacy | arguments that do not follow the rules of logic and therefore are not believable |
| Questionable Cause | common fallacy that occurs when a speaker alleges something that does not relate to, or produce, the outcome claimed in the argument |
| ad Hominem | attacking a person rather than an argument |
| Red Herring | fallacy in which irrelevant information is used to divert attention away from the real issue |
| Hasty Generalization | common critical thinking fallacy in which the speaker doesn't have sufficient data and thus argues or reasons from a specific example |