Chapter 5-Nonverbal
Table 1
| Nonverbal Communication | behaviors, attributes, or objects (except words) that communicate messages that have social meaning; nonverbal communication encompasses everything that we communicate to others without using words |
| Kinesics | any movement of the face or body that communicates a message |
| Oculesics | a subcategory of facial expressions that includes any movement or behavior of the eyes (also known as eye behavior) |
| Facial Expressions | configurations of the face that can reflect, augment, contradict, or appear unrelated to a speaker's spoken language |
| Facial Management Techniques | methods to control facial muscles in order to hide inappropriate or unacceptable responses; may be used to intensify, deintensify, neutralize, or mask a felt emotion |
| Intensifying | facial behavior response that exaggerates facial expressions to meet the expectation of others |
| Deintensifying | facial behavior response that understates reactions in order to maintain favorable relationships with others |
| Neutralizing | avoidance of any emotional expression in a situation; using nonexpressive facial behavior |
| Masking | replacing of one expression of an emotion with another thought to be more appropriate for the situation |
| Emblems | body and facial movements that can be directly translated into words or phrases |
| Illustrators | body motions that accent, reinforce, or emphasize an accompanying verbal message |
| Regulators | body motions that control, monitor, or maintain the back-and-forth interaction between speakers and listeners |
| Affect Displays | body movements that express emotions and feelings |
| Self-Adaptors | generally not directed at others but serve some personal need; include common actions such as scratching, smoothing hair, and straightening clothes |
| Object-Adaptors | involve use of an object, such as a pencil, paper clip, coin, cigarette, or jewelry, for a purpose other than its intended function |
| Alter-Adaptors | body motions directed at others that are learned from past experiences and from the manipulation of objects |
| Haptics | touching or tactile communication |
| Functional-Professional Touch | unsympathetic, impersonal, cold, or business-like touch |
| Social-Polite Touch | acknowledges another person according to the norms or rules of a society |
| Friendship-Warmth Touch | expresses an appreciation of the special attributes of others |
| Love-Intimacy Touch | usually occurs in romantic relationships between lovers and spouses |
| Sexual-Arousal Touch | most intimate level of personal contact with another |
| Proxemics | the study of how we use space and the distance we place between others and ourselves when communicating |
| Territoriality | the need for us to identify certain amounts of space as our own |
| Chronemics | the study of how people perceive time and how they structure and use time as communication |
| Paralanguage | the study of all cues, which include sound, speech rate, accent, pause or silence, articulation, pitch, and volume, other than the content of words themselves |
| Artifacts | personal adornments or possessions that communicate information about a person |
| Complementing | use of nonverbal cues to complete, describe, or accent verbal cues |
| Repeating | use of nonverbal cues to repeat what was expressed verbally |
| Regulating | use of nonverbal cues to control the flow of communication |
| Substituting | use of nonverbal cues in place of verbal messages when speaking is impossible, undesirable, or inappropriate |
| Functional Approach | examination of nonverbal behavior that does not evaluate each nonverbal cue separately, but considers how various cues interact to perform various communicative functions |
| Descriptive Feedback | receiver's checking of his or her understanding of sender's nonverbal behavior by describing his or her interpretation of it to the sender |
| Self-Monitoring | the willingness to change one's behavior to fit situations, awareness of one's effects on others, and the ability to regulate one's nonverbal cues and other factors to influence others' impressions |
Chapter 6_listening
Table 2
| Listening | the active process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken or nonverbal messages |
| Hearing | the passive process that occurs when sound waves reach our ears |
| Selecting | choosing which stimuli we will listen to and which we will ignore |
| Attending | mental process of focusing or concentrating for a period of time on a specific stimuli that you have selected while ignoring or downplaying other competing, internal or external stimuli |
| Understanding | main difference between hearing and listening; assigning meaning to sounds |
| Evaluating | listening stage in which the listener analyzes evidence, sorts facts from opinion, determines the intent of the speaker, judges the accuracy of the speaker's statements and conclusions, and judges the accuracy of his or her own conclusions |
| Remembering | listening stage in which we think of something again |
| Responding | the listener's overt behavior that indicates to the speaker what has and has not been received |
| Evaluative Listening | listening to judge or to analyze information |
| Empathic Listening | type of listening that occurs when you listen to what someone else is experiencing and seek to understand that person's thoughts and feelings |
| Critical Listening | judging the accuracy of the information presented, determining the reasonableness of its conclusions, and evaluating its presenter |