Key Terms
Chapter 9: Organizing & Outlining
| Organizing | arranging of ideas and elements into a systematic and meaningful whole |
| Body | main content of a speech that develops the speaker's general and specific purposes |
| Main Points | principal subdivisions of a speech |
| Time-sequence Pattern | order of presentation that begins at a particular point in time and continues either forward or backward, also known as chronological |
| Spatial Pattern | order of presentation in which the content of a speech is organized according to relationships in space |
| Topical Pattern | order of presentation in which the main topic is divided into a series of related subtopics |
| Problem-solution Pattern | order of presentation that first discusses a problem and then suggests solutions |
| Cause-Effect Pattern | order of presentation in which the speaker first explains the causes of an event, problem, or issue, and then discusses its consequences |
| Motivated Sequence | pattern of organization specifically developed for persuasive speaking that combines logic and practical psychology; five steps involved are: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action |
| Transitions | phrase or word used to link ideas |
| Signposts | word, phrase, or short statement that indicates to an audience the direction a speaker will take next |
| Internal Previews | short statements that give advance warning, or preview, of the point(s) to be covered |
| Internal Summary | short review statement given at the end of a main point |
| Introduction | opening statements that orient the audience to the subject and motivate them to listen |
| Credibility | speaker's believability based on the audience's evaluation of the speaker's competence, experience, and character |
| Conclusion | closing statements that focus on the audience's thoughts on the specific purpose of a speech and bring the most important points together in a condensed and uniform way |
| Outlining | arranging materials in a logical sequence, often referred to as the blueprint or skeleton of a speech, and writing out that sequence in a standardized form |
| Preliminary Outline | list of all the main points that may be used in a speech |
| Full-content Outline | detailed skeleton of a speech with all main and secondary points written in complete sentences |
| Presentational Outline | condensation of the full-content outline that aids delivery by minimizing detail and listing key words and phrases in place of full sentences |
Chapter 10: Delivery
| Ethics | an individual's system of moral principles |
| Plagiarism | the use of another person's information, language, or ideas without citing the originator or author, thus making it appear that you are the originator |
| Speech Anxiety | the fear of speaking before an audience; also known as stage fright |
| Communication Apprehension | the most severe form of speech anxiety in which people cut themselves off from most, if not all, communication with others |
| Systematic Desensitization | technique in which relaxation is associated with an anxiety-producing situation |
| Impromptu Delivery | the delivery of a speech with little or no formal planning or preparation |
| Manuscript Delivery | delivering a speech word for word |
| Memorized Delivery | he delivery of a speech that is memorized in its entirety, usually from a word-for-word script |
| Extemporaneous Delivery | the delivery of a carefully prepared and researched speech from notes with a high degree of spontaneity |
| Vocal Quality | overall impression that a speaker's voice makes on his or her listeners |
| Intelligibility | the degree to which an audience can hear and understand the words the speaker says |
| Vocal Variety | the combination of rate, force, and pitch variations that add to a speaker's overall vocal quality |
| Rate | speed at which a speaker speaks |
| Force | intensity and volume level of the voice |
| Pitch | how low or high the voice is on a tonal scale |
| Gestures | movements of the head, arms, and hands to help illustrate, emphasize, or clarify a point |
| Facial Expressions | configurations of the face that can reflect, augment, contradict, or be unrelated to a speaker's vocal delivery |
| Eye Contact | the extent to which a speaker looks directly at audience members |
| Presentational Aids | materials and equipment, such as diagrams, models, real objects, photographs, tables, charts, graphs, and computer-generated materials, that speakers may use to enhance to content of the speech as well as the delivery |